Oil and gas rigs components
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Drilling Rig Systems
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I read this piece of writing fully regarding the comparison of newest and previous technologies, it's remarkable article. About Contact Us Privacy Policy. Although drilling rigs differ greatly in outward appearance and method of deployment, all rotary rigs have the same basic drilling equipment. The main component parts of a rotary rig are:.
The rig is basically comprised of a derrick, the drawworks with its drilling line, crown block and traveling block, and a drilling fluid circulation system including the standpipe, rotary hose, drilling fluid pits and pumps. These components work together to accomplish the three main functions of all rotary rigs:. I- The Hoisting System. The derrick supports the hook and elevators by means of the traveling block, drilling line, crown block and drawworks. The drawworks is powered by prime movers - two, three or even four engines.
The derrick is a metallic structure which has four supporting legs resting on a square base. It is erected on a substructure which supports the rig floor and the rotary table and provides work space on the rig floor. The derrick and its substructure support the weight of the drillstem at all times.
The drillstem is suspended by the traveling block and drilling line, the entire load rests on the derrick. Whenever it is suspended from the crown block or resting in the rotary table.
The height of the derrick does not affect its load-capacity, but it can limit the length of drill pipe sections that can be pulled out of the hole for many reasons ex: changing drill bit. This is because the crown block must be sufficiently elevated above the rig floor. Fig Derrick. The traveling block, crown block and drilling line are used to connect the derrick with the drill string to be lowered into or pulled out of the hole.
During drilling operations, this drill string usually composed of the drill pipe, heavy weight drill pipe, drilling jar, drill collars and drill bit. The drilling line passes from the drawworks to the top of the derrick. From there, it is sheaved between the crown block and traveling block to give an eight, ten or twelve-line suspension. It is then clamped to the rig floor by the deadline anchor. The drilling line wears evenly as it is used; it has to be Cutoff time to time.
The cutoff procedures are related to ton-miles of service. The ton-mile unit is calculated as the drill line moves a one-ton load a distance of one mile, and then the line receives one ton-mile of usage. Fig Hoisting System. The main purpose of the drawworks is to lift the drillstring out of and to lower it back into the borehole. The drilling line is reeled on a drum in the drawworks.
When engaged, the drum turns and either reel-in the drill line to raise the traveling block, or reel-out the drill line to lower it. The drawworks is characterized by the brake system, which enables the driller to easily control a load of thousands of pounds of drillpipe or casing.
There are at least two brake systems. One brake is a mechanical friction device and can bring the load to a complete stop. The other brake is hydraulic or electric; it can control the speed of the descent of a loaded traveling block, but is not capable of bringing it to a complete stop. It is used to reduce the wear on the primary friction system. An integral part of the drawworks is the transmission system.
This gives the driller a wide choice of speeds for hoisting the drillstring. The drawworks also has a drive sprocket that drives the rotary table by means of a heavy-duty chain. In some cases, however, the rotary table is driven by an independent engine or electric motor. Fig Drawworks. Another feature of the drawworks is the two catheads.
The other, located opposite the driller's position on the drawworks is the breakout cathead. It is used to loosen the drillpipe when the drillpipe is pulled out of hole. An independent air hoist is used on many rigs for handling light loads around the rig-floor. II- Circulating system:. During drilling operations, In order to circulate the drilling fluids, the circulating system, mud pumps and prime movers are used.
The drilling fluids are circulated from the mud tanks, through the drillstring, down to the bit and up to the surface through annulus. The cuttings are displaced from the bottom, up to the surface and separated from the drilling fluids using the shale shakers and mud cleaner. The recovered cuttings can be used by geologists to identify which formation is being drilled. Mud pumps. The mud pump is the heart of the circulating system.
In drilling rig, usually there are two mud pumps. They are used to circulate the drilling fluid from the mud pits, through the drillstring, down to the bit and return up to the surface through the annulus.
There are two types of mud pumps: duplex and triplex. The duplex pumps are double reciprocating acting. They have two cylinders, each cylinder is filled on one side of the piston with the drilling fluid, whereas in the other side the drilling fluid is being discharged. In duplex pump, the discharged volume of the drilling fluid is twice the volume of piston. The triplex pumps are single acting pumps.
They have three cylinders and the drilling fluid is filled in one side of the piston. The triplex pumps system is connected to centrifugal pumps to charge the suction parts with the drilling fluid. The power generated by the triplex can be relatively higher then duplex because it operates at higher speed. The mud pumps are connected to strand pipe with high pressure piping.
The stand pipe is clamped to the derrick, and anchors one end of the rotary hose and keeps it clear of the rig floor during operations. The other end of the hose is connected to the swivel. Fig Mud Pumps. Mud Pits:. The mud pits are a series of large interconnected steel tanks fitted with agitators to keep solids in suspension.
There are some pits are used for circulation and others are used for mixing and storing drilling mud. Fresh water and base oil which are used for making drilling fluids are pumped from storage tanks. Shale Shakers:. Once the drilling fluid has completed one cycle from the mud pits and coming back to surface passing through the drill string, down to drill bit and up to the surface, it will contains solids, some gas if the drilling is performed through reservoir and other contaminants.
These non-drilling fluids product or contaminants must be removed in order to keep the required properties needed to drill safely. The drilling fluid passes over a series of vibrating screens of different mesh sizes.
Tanks can also allow residues settling before the mud passed to the mud pits. Fine solids are removed by other components such as mud cleaner or centrifuges.
Fig Shale Shakers. III-Rotating system:. Rigs can be equipped with Kelly system of top-drive system. Both systems are used to rotate the drill string and the drill bit. The Kelly is nearly 40 feet long, hexagonal or square on the outside and hollow inside to allow the passage for the drilling fluids. The Kelly engages in the Kelly bushing, which allow the Kelly to move freely up and down even when rotating the Kelly by the rotary table.
The Kelly cock valve is a safety valve which can be closed to prevent back pressure to damage surface equipment like the swivel and the rotary hose.
Drilling Rig Components*. Select a name from the list or a number on the graphic to see a definition and a. In onshore operations, the rig includes virtually everything except living quarters. Major components of the rig include the mud tanks, the mud pumps, the derrick or.
The American oil and gas industry plays a huge role in our everyday lives and in the national economy. This industry employs 9. The driving force behind this thriving industry is the oil drilling equipment used to extract crude oil and petroleum from the earth.
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Mud tank 1 2. Shale shaker 2 3. Suction line 3 4.
what is the main components of drilling rig, and its functions?
A drilling rig is used to drill a hole, and this requires qualified personnel, different types of equipment the application of a great variety of technology. The overall costs of the well must be optimized and this optimization may influence where the well is drilled onshore — extended reach or offshore above reservoir , the drilling technology applied conventional or slim-hole drilling as well as the evaluation procedures run to gather subsurface information for future drilling projects. Rotary drilling is the most efficient technology applied in the oil and gas industry. The cementing primary cementing serves to rigidly connect the casing to the formation and to guarantee the hydraulic insulation of the various formations, preventing the migration of the fluids from layers at high pore pressure to those at low pressure. The centralization of the casing is particularly important, as the geometry of the well is seldom regular, but tortuous and with a variable diameter. In this way it is possible to control effectively and safely the pressures that develop in the well when it is in hydraulic communication with the subsurface formations.
List of Components of Oil Drilling Rigs
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Drilling for oil and gas is a complex process. The videos below provide basic knowledge of the drilling process. Before drilling, the site must be carefully chosen.
